
<!doctype html>
<html lang="zh" class="no-js">
  <head>
    
      <meta charset="utf-8">
      <meta http-equiv="x-dns-prefetch-control" content="on">
      <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//chemistry.cnryh.cn">
      <!-- <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//search.oi-wiki.org"> -->
      <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//api.github.com">
      <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//www.google-analytics.com">
      <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
      
        <meta name="description" content="OI Wiki 是一个编程竞赛知识整合站点，提供有趣又实用的编程竞赛知识以及其他有帮助的内容，帮助广大编程竞赛爱好者更快更深入地学习编程竞赛">
      
      
        <meta name="author" content="OI Wiki Team">
      
      
        <link rel="canonical" href="https://oi-wiki.org/06%20%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%8F%8A%E5%85%B6%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9/07%20%E6%B0%AE%E5%8F%8A%E5%85%B6%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9/">
      
      
      
      
      <link rel="icon" href="../../favicon.ico">
      <meta name="generator" content="mkdocs-1.5.3, mkdocs-material-9.4.6">
    
    
      
        <title>元素及其化合物 · 七 · 「氮 \((\ce{N})\) 及其化合物」 - Chemistry-Note</title>
      
    
    
      <link rel="stylesheet" href="../../assets/stylesheets/main.f5281797.min.css">
      
        
        <link rel="stylesheet" href="../../assets/stylesheets/palette.356b1318.min.css">
      
      


    
    
      
    
    
      
        
        
        <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin>
        <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Fira+Sans:300,300i,400,400i,700,700i%7CFira+Mono:400,400i,700,700i&display=fallback">
        <style>:root{--md-text-font:"Fira Sans";--md-code-font:"Fira Mono"}@font-face{font-family:'Fira Sans';font-style:normal;font-weight:300;src:url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-300.eot);src:local('Fira Sans'),local('FiraSans-Normal'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-300.eot?#iefix) format('embedded-opentype'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-300.woff2) format('woff2'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-300.woff) format('woff'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-300.ttf) format('truetype'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-300.svg#FiraSans) format('svg')}@font-face{font-family:'Fira Sans';font-style:normal;font-weight:regular;src:url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-regular.eot);src:local('Fira Sans'),local('FiraSans-Normal'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-regular.eot?#iefix) format('embedded-opentype'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-regular.woff2) format('woff2'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-regular.woff) format('woff'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-regular.ttf) format('truetype'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-regular.svg#FiraSans) format('svg')}@font-face{font-family:'Fira Sans';font-style:italic;font-weight:regular;src:url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-italic.eot);src:local('Fira Sans'),local('FiraSans-Italic'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-italic.eot?#iefix) format('embedded-opentype'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-italic.woff2) format('woff2'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-italic.woff) format('woff'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-italic.ttf) format('truetype'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-italic.svg#FiraSans) format('svg')}@font-face{font-family:'Fira Sans';font-style:normal;font-weight:700;src:url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-700.eot);src:local('Fira Sans'),local('FiraSans-Normal'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-700.eot?#iefix) format('embedded-opentype'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-700.woff2) format('woff2'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-700.woff) format('woff'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-700.ttf) format('truetype'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-700.svg#FiraSans) format('svg')}@font-face{font-family:'Fira Mono';font-style:normal;font-weight:regular;src:url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-mono/fira-mono-regular.eot);src:local('Fira Mono'),local('FiraMono-Normal'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-mono/fira-mono-regular.eot?#iefix) format('embedded-opentype'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-mono/fira-mono-regular.woff2) format('woff2'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-mono/fira-mono-regular.woff) format('woff'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-mono/fira-mono-regular.ttf) format('truetype'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-mono/fira-mono-regular.svg#FiraMono) format('svg')}</style>
      
    
    
      <link rel="stylesheet" href="../../_static/css/extra.css?v=14">
    
    <script>__md_scope=new URL("../..",location),__md_hash=e=>[...e].reduce((e,_)=>(e<<5)-e+_.charCodeAt(0),0),__md_get=(e,_=localStorage,t=__md_scope)=>JSON.parse(_.getItem(t.pathname+"."+e)),__md_set=(e,_,t=localStorage,a=__md_scope)=>{try{t.setItem(a.pathname+"."+e,JSON.stringify(_))}catch(e){}}</script>
    
      
  


  
  

<script id="__analytics">function __md_analytics(){function n(){dataLayer.push(arguments)}window.dataLayer=window.dataLayer||[],n("js",new Date),n("config","UA-124485594-1"),document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",function(){document.forms.search&&document.forms.search.query.addEventListener("blur",function(){this.value&&n("event","search",{search_term:this.value})}),document$.subscribe(function(){var a=document.forms.feedback;if(void 0!==a)for(var e of a.querySelectorAll("[type=submit]"))e.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.preventDefault();var t=document.location.pathname,e=this.getAttribute("data-md-value");n("event","feedback",{page:t,data:e}),a.firstElementChild.disabled=!0;e=a.querySelector(".md-feedback__note [data-md-value='"+e+"']");e&&(e.hidden=!1)}),a.hidden=!1}),location$.subscribe(function(e){n("config","UA-124485594-1",{page_path:e.pathname})})});var e=document.createElement("script");e.async=!0,e.src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-124485594-1",document.getElementById("__analytics").insertAdjacentElement("afterEnd",e)}</script>
  
    <script>"undefined"!=typeof __md_analytics&&__md_analytics()</script>
  

    
    
    
  </head>
  
  
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    <body dir="ltr" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="white" data-md-color-accent="red">
  
    
    
      <script>var palette=__md_get("__palette");if(palette&&"object"==typeof palette.color)for(var key of Object.keys(palette.color))document.body.setAttribute("data-md-color-"+key,palette.color[key])</script>
    
    <input class="md-toggle" data-md-toggle="drawer" type="checkbox" id="__drawer" autocomplete="off">
    <input class="md-toggle" data-md-toggle="search" type="checkbox" id="__search" autocomplete="off">
    <label class="md-overlay" for="__drawer"></label>
    <div data-md-component="skip">
      
        
        <a href="#元素及其化合物--七--氮-cen-及其化合物" class="md-skip">
          跳转至
        </a>
      
    </div>
    <div data-md-component="announce">
      
    </div>
    
    
      

<header class="md-header" data-md-component="header">
  <nav class="md-header__inner md-grid" aria-label="页眉">
    <a href="../.." title="Chemistry-Note" class="md-header__button md-logo" aria-label="Chemistry-Note" data-md-component="logo">
      
  
  <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 3 1 9l11 6 9-4.91V17h2V9M5 13.18v4L12 21l7-3.82v-4L12 17l-7-3.82Z"/></svg>

    </a>
    <label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__drawer">
      
      <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 6h18v2H3V6m0 5h18v2H3v-2m0 5h18v2H3v-2Z"/></svg>
    </label>
    <div class="md-header__title" data-md-component="header-title">
      <div class="md-header__ellipsis">
        <div class="md-header__topic">
          <span class="md-ellipsis">
            Chemistry-Note
          </span>
        </div>
        <div class="md-header__topic" data-md-component="header-topic">
          <span class="md-ellipsis">
            
              元素及其化合物 · 七 · 「氮 \((\ce{N})\) 及其化合物」
            
          </span>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
    
      
        <form class="md-header__option" data-md-component="palette">
  
    
    
    
    <input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="(prefers-color-scheme: light)" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="white" data-md-color-accent="red"  aria-label="Switch to dark mode"  type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_1">
    
      <label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to dark mode" for="__palette_2" hidden>
        <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 7a5 5 0 0 1 5 5 5 5 0 0 1-5 5 5 5 0 0 1-5-5 5 5 0 0 1 5-5m0 2a3 3 0 0 0-3 3 3 3 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3-3m0-7 2.39 3.42C13.65 5.15 12.84 5 12 5c-.84 0-1.65.15-2.39.42L12 2M3.34 7l4.16-.35A7.2 7.2 0 0 0 5.94 8.5c-.44.74-.69 1.5-.83 2.29L3.34 7m.02 10 1.76-3.77a7.131 7.131 0 0 0 2.38 4.14L3.36 17M20.65 7l-1.77 3.79a7.023 7.023 0 0 0-2.38-4.15l4.15.36m-.01 10-4.14.36c.59-.51 1.12-1.14 1.54-1.86.42-.73.69-1.5.83-2.29L20.64 17M12 22l-2.41-3.44c.74.27 1.55.44 2.41.44.82 0 1.63-.17 2.37-.44L12 22Z"/></svg>
      </label>
    
  
    
    
    
    <input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" data-md-color-scheme="slate" data-md-color-primary="blue" data-md-color-accent="blue"  aria-label="Switch to light mode"  type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_2">
    
      <label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to light mode" for="__palette_1" hidden>
        <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m17.75 4.09-2.53 1.94.91 3.06-2.63-1.81-2.63 1.81.91-3.06-2.53-1.94L12.44 4l1.06-3 1.06 3 3.19.09m3.5 6.91-1.64 1.25.59 1.98-1.7-1.17-1.7 1.17.59-1.98L15.75 11l2.06-.05L18.5 9l.69 1.95 2.06.05m-2.28 4.95c.83-.08 1.72 1.1 1.19 1.85-.32.45-.66.87-1.08 1.27C15.17 23 8.84 23 4.94 19.07c-3.91-3.9-3.91-10.24 0-14.14.4-.4.82-.76 1.27-1.08.75-.53 1.93.36 1.85 1.19-.27 2.86.69 5.83 2.89 8.02a9.96 9.96 0 0 0 8.02 2.89m-1.64 2.02a12.08 12.08 0 0 1-7.8-3.47c-2.17-2.19-3.33-5-3.49-7.82-2.81 3.14-2.7 7.96.31 10.98 3.02 3.01 7.84 3.12 10.98.31Z"/></svg>
      </label>
    
  
</form>
      
    
    
    
      <label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__search">
        
        <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.516 6.516 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5Z"/></svg>
      </label>
      <div class="md-search" data-md-component="search" role="dialog">
  <label class="md-search__overlay" for="__search"></label>
  <div class="md-search__inner" role="search">
    <form class="md-search__form" name="search">
      <input type="text" class="md-search__input" name="query" aria-label="搜索" placeholder="搜索" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" data-md-component="search-query" required>
      <label class="md-search__icon md-icon" for="__search">
        
        <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.516 6.516 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5Z"/></svg>
        
        <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20 11v2H8l5.5 5.5-1.42 1.42L4.16 12l7.92-7.92L13.5 5.5 8 11h12Z"/></svg>
      </label>
      <nav class="md-search__options" aria-label="查找">
        
        <button type="reset" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="清空当前内容" aria-label="清空当前内容" tabindex="-1">
          
          <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41 17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12 19 6.41Z"/></svg>
        </button>
      </nav>
      
    </form>
    <div class="md-search__output">
      <div class="md-search__scrollwrap" data-md-scrollfix>
        <div class="md-search-result" data-md-component="search-result">
          <div class="md-search-result__meta">
            正在初始化搜索引擎
          </div>
          <ol class="md-search-result__list" role="presentation"></ol>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>
    
    
      <div class="md-header__source">
        <a href="https://github.com/Anyayay/Chemistry-Note" title="前往仓库" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
  <div class="md-source__icon md-icon">
    
    <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.4.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2023 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M439.55 236.05 244 40.45a28.87 28.87 0 0 0-40.81 0l-40.66 40.63 51.52 51.52c27.06-9.14 52.68 16.77 43.39 43.68l49.66 49.66c34.23-11.8 61.18 31 35.47 56.69-26.49 26.49-70.21-2.87-56-37.34L240.22 199v121.85c25.3 12.54 22.26 41.85 9.08 55a34.34 34.34 0 0 1-48.55 0c-17.57-17.6-11.07-46.91 11.25-56v-123c-20.8-8.51-24.6-30.74-18.64-45L142.57 101 8.45 235.14a28.86 28.86 0 0 0 0 40.81l195.61 195.6a28.86 28.86 0 0 0 40.8 0l194.69-194.69a28.86 28.86 0 0 0 0-40.81z"/></svg>
  </div>
  <div class="md-source__repository">
    Anyayay/Chemistry-Note
  </div>
</a>
      </div>
    
  </nav>
  
</header>
    
    <div class="md-container" data-md-component="container">
      
      
        
          
            
<nav class="md-tabs" aria-label="标签" data-md-component="tabs">
  <div class="md-grid">
    <ul class="md-tabs__list">
      
        
  
  
  
    
    
      <li class="md-tabs__item">
        <a href="../.." class="md-tabs__link">
          
  
  简介

        </a>
      </li>
    
  

      
        
  
  
  
    
    
      <li class="md-tabs__item">
        <a href="../../01%20%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E4%B8%8E%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E6%80%A7%E8%B4%A8/00%20description/" class="md-tabs__link">
          
  
  原子结构与元素性质

        </a>
      </li>
    
  

      
        
  
  
  
    
    
      <li class="md-tabs__item">
        <a href="../../02%20%E5%BE%AE%E7%B2%92%E9%97%B4%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E5%8A%9B%E4%B8%8E%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E6%80%A7%E8%B4%A8/00%20description/" class="md-tabs__link">
          
  
  微粒间作用力与物质性质

        </a>
      </li>
    
  

      
    </ul>
  </div>
</nav>
          
        
      
      <main class="md-main" data-md-component="main">
        <div class="md-main__inner md-grid">
          
            
              
              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--primary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="navigation" >
                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
                    


  


<nav class="md-nav md-nav--primary md-nav--lifted" aria-label="导航栏" data-md-level="0">
  <label class="md-nav__title" for="__drawer">
    <a href="../.." title="Chemistry-Note" class="md-nav__button md-logo" aria-label="Chemistry-Note" data-md-component="logo">
      
  
  <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 3 1 9l11 6 9-4.91V17h2V9M5 13.18v4L12 21l7-3.82v-4L12 17l-7-3.82Z"/></svg>

    </a>
    Chemistry-Note
  </label>
  
    <div class="md-nav__source">
      <a href="https://github.com/Anyayay/Chemistry-Note" title="前往仓库" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
  <div class="md-source__icon md-icon">
    
    <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.4.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2023 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M439.55 236.05 244 40.45a28.87 28.87 0 0 0-40.81 0l-40.66 40.63 51.52 51.52c27.06-9.14 52.68 16.77 43.39 43.68l49.66 49.66c34.23-11.8 61.18 31 35.47 56.69-26.49 26.49-70.21-2.87-56-37.34L240.22 199v121.85c25.3 12.54 22.26 41.85 9.08 55a34.34 34.34 0 0 1-48.55 0c-17.57-17.6-11.07-46.91 11.25-56v-123c-20.8-8.51-24.6-30.74-18.64-45L142.57 101 8.45 235.14a28.86 28.86 0 0 0 0 40.81l195.61 195.6a28.86 28.86 0 0 0 40.8 0l194.69-194.69a28.86 28.86 0 0 0 0-40.81z"/></svg>
  </div>
  <div class="md-source__repository">
    Anyayay/Chemistry-Note
  </div>
</a>
    </div>
  
  <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
    
      
      
  
  
  
    
    
    
    
    
      
      
    
    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
      
        
        
        
        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_1" >
        
          
          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_1" id="__nav_1_label" tabindex="">
            
  
  <span class="md-ellipsis">
    简介
  </span>
  

            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
          </label>
        
        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_1">
            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
            简介
          </label>
          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
            
              
                
  
  
  
    <li class="md-nav__item">
      <a href="../.." class="md-nav__link">
        
  
  <span class="md-ellipsis">
    Getting Started
  </span>
  

      </a>
    </li>
  

              
            
          </ul>
        </nav>
      
    </li>
  

    
      
      
  
  
  
    
    
    
    
    
      
      
    
    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
      
        
        
        
        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_2" >
        
          
          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_2" id="__nav_2_label" tabindex="">
            
  
  <span class="md-ellipsis">
    原子结构与元素性质
  </span>
  

            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
          </label>
        
        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2">
            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
            原子结构与元素性质
          </label>
          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
            
              
                
  
  
  
    <li class="md-nav__item">
      <a href="../../01%20%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E4%B8%8E%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E6%80%A7%E8%B4%A8/00%20description/" class="md-nav__link">
        
  
  <span class="md-ellipsis">
    简介
  </span>
  

      </a>
    </li>
  

              
            
              
                
  
  
  
    <li class="md-nav__item">
      <a href="../../01%20%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E4%B8%8E%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E6%80%A7%E8%B4%A8/01%20%E6%A0%B8%E5%A4%96%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%8E%92%E5%B8%83%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F/" class="md-nav__link">
        
  
  <span class="md-ellipsis">
    核外电子排布方式
  </span>
  

      </a>
    </li>
  

              
            
              
                
  
  
  
    <li class="md-nav__item">
      <a href="../../01%20%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E4%B8%8E%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E6%80%A7%E8%B4%A8/02%20%E6%9E%84%E9%80%A0%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86%E3%80%81%E6%B3%A1%E5%88%A9%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86%E3%80%81%E6%B4%AA%E7%89%B9%E8%A7%84%E5%88%99/" class="md-nav__link">
        
  
  <span class="md-ellipsis">
    构造原理、泡利原理、洪特规则
  </span>
  

      </a>
    </li>
  

              
            
              
                
  
  
  
    <li class="md-nav__item">
      <a href="../../01%20%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E4%B8%8E%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E6%80%A7%E8%B4%A8/03%20%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%8E%92%E5%B8%83%E5%BC%8F%E4%B8%8E%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93%E8%A1%A8%E7%A4%BA%E5%BC%8F/" class="md-nav__link">
        
  
  <span class="md-ellipsis">
    电子排布式与轨道表示式
  </span>
  

      </a>
    </li>
  

              
            
              
                
  
  
  
    <li class="md-nav__item">
      <a href="../../01%20%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E4%B8%8E%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E6%80%A7%E8%B4%A8/04%20%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%20%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8/" class="md-nav__link">
        
  
  <span class="md-ellipsis">
    原子结构 元素周期表
  </span>
  

      </a>
    </li>
  

              
            
              
                
  
  
  
    <li class="md-nav__item">
      <a href="../../01%20%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E4%B8%8E%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E6%80%A7%E8%B4%A8/05%20%E7%94%B5%E7%A6%BB%E8%83%BD%20%E7%94%B5%E8%B4%9F%E6%80%A7%20%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%BE%8B/" class="md-nav__link">
        
  
  <span class="md-ellipsis">
    电离能 电负性 元素周期律
  </span>
  

      </a>
    </li>
  

              
            
              
                
  
  
  
    <li class="md-nav__item">
      <a href="../../01%20%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E4%B8%8E%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E6%80%A7%E8%B4%A8/%E8%80%83%E7%82%B9%20%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%BE%8B%E4%B8%8E%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E6%8E%A8%E6%96%AD/" class="md-nav__link">
        
  
  <span class="md-ellipsis">
    考点 元素周期律与元素推断
  </span>
  

      </a>
    </li>
  

              
            
          </ul>
        </nav>
      
    </li>
  

    
      
      
  
  
  
    
    
    
    
    
      
      
    
    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
      
        
        
        
        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_3" >
        
          
          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_3" id="__nav_3_label" tabindex="">
            
  
  <span class="md-ellipsis">
    微粒间作用力与物质性质
  </span>
  

            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
          </label>
        
        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3">
            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
            微粒间作用力与物质性质
          </label>
          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
            
              
                
  
  
  
    <li class="md-nav__item">
      <a href="../../02%20%E5%BE%AE%E7%B2%92%E9%97%B4%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E5%8A%9B%E4%B8%8E%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E6%80%A7%E8%B4%A8/00%20description/" class="md-nav__link">
        
  
  <span class="md-ellipsis">
    简介
  </span>
  

      </a>
    </li>
  

              
            
              
                
  
  
  
    <li class="md-nav__item">
      <a href="../../02%20%E5%BE%AE%E7%B2%92%E9%97%B4%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E5%8A%9B%E4%B8%8E%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E6%80%A7%E8%B4%A8/01%20%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%8E%E6%99%B6%E8%83%9E%EF%BC%88%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%EF%BC%89/" class="md-nav__link">
        
  
  <span class="md-ellipsis">
    晶体与晶胞（基础知识）
  </span>
  

      </a>
    </li>
  

              
            
          </ul>
        </nav>
      
    </li>
  

    
  </ul>
</nav>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            
            
              
              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
                    

<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="目录">
  
  
  
    
  
  
    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
      目录
    </label>
    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
      
        <li class="md-nav__item">
  <a href="#氮气" class="md-nav__link">
    氮气
  </a>
  
    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="氮气">
      <ul class="md-nav__list">
        
          <li class="md-nav__item">
  <a href="#物理性质" class="md-nav__link">
    物理性质
  </a>
  
</li>
        
          <li class="md-nav__item">
  <a href="#化学性质" class="md-nav__link">
    化学性质
  </a>
  
</li>
        
          <li class="md-nav__item">
  <a href="#氮的固定" class="md-nav__link">
    氮的固定
  </a>
  
</li>
        
      </ul>
    </nav>
  
</li>
      
        <li class="md-nav__item">
  <a href="#一氧化氮-与-二氧化氮" class="md-nav__link">
    一氧化氮 与 二氧化氮
  </a>
  
    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="一氧化氮 与 二氧化氮">
      <ul class="md-nav__list">
        
          <li class="md-nav__item">
  <a href="#一氧化氮-ceno" class="md-nav__link">
    一氧化氮&nbsp;<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NO}\)</span>
  </a>
  
</li>
        
          <li class="md-nav__item">
  <a href="#二氧化氮-ceno2" class="md-nav__link">
    二氧化氮&nbsp;<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NO2}\)</span>
  </a>
  
</li>
        
          <li class="md-nav__item">
  <a href="#酸雨" class="md-nav__link">
    酸雨
  </a>
  
</li>
        
      </ul>
    </nav>
  
</li>
      
        <li class="md-nav__item">
  <a href="#氨" class="md-nav__link">
    氨
  </a>
  
    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="氨">
      <ul class="md-nav__list">
        
          <li class="md-nav__item">
  <a href="#物理性质_1" class="md-nav__link">
    物理性质
  </a>
  
</li>
        
          <li class="md-nav__item">
  <a href="#喷泉实验" class="md-nav__link">
    喷泉实验
  </a>
  
</li>
        
          <li class="md-nav__item">
  <a href="#化学性质_1" class="md-nav__link">
    化学性质
  </a>
  
</li>
        
          <li class="md-nav__item">
  <a href="#实验室制备" class="md-nav__link">
    实验室制备
  </a>
  
</li>
        
      </ul>
    </nav>
  
</li>
      
        <li class="md-nav__item">
  <a href="#铵盐" class="md-nav__link">
    铵盐
  </a>
  
    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="铵盐">
      <ul class="md-nav__list">
        
          <li class="md-nav__item">
  <a href="#铵根离子的检验" class="md-nav__link">
    铵根离子的检验
  </a>
  
</li>
        
      </ul>
    </nav>
  
</li>
      
        <li class="md-nav__item">
  <a href="#硝酸" class="md-nav__link">
    硝酸
  </a>
  
    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="硝酸">
      <ul class="md-nav__list">
        
          <li class="md-nav__item">
  <a href="#物理性质_2" class="md-nav__link">
    物理性质
  </a>
  
</li>
        
          <li class="md-nav__item">
  <a href="#化学性质_2" class="md-nav__link">
    化学性质
  </a>
  
</li>
        
          <li class="md-nav__item">
  <a href="#工业制备" class="md-nav__link">
    工业制备
  </a>
  
</li>
        
      </ul>
    </nav>
  
</li>
      
    </ul>
  
</nav>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            
          
          
            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
                
                  

  
    <a href="https://github.com/Anyayay/Chemistry-Note/edit/master/docs/06 元素及其化合物/07 氮及其化合物.md" title="编辑此页" class="md-content__button md-icon">
      
      <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M10 20H6V4h7v5h5v3.1l2-2V8l-6-6H6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v16c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h4v-2m10.2-7c.1 0 .3.1.4.2l1.3 1.3c.2.2.2.6 0 .8l-1 1-2.1-2.1 1-1c.1-.1.2-.2.4-.2m0 3.9L14.1 23H12v-2.1l6.1-6.1 2.1 2.1Z"/></svg>
    </a>
  
  


  

<h1 id="元素及其化合物--七--氮-cen-及其化合物">元素及其化合物 · 七 · 「氮 <span class="arithmatex">\((\ce{N})\)</span> 及其化合物」<a class="headerlink" href="#元素及其化合物--七--氮-cen-及其化合物" title="Permanent link"></a></h1>
<h2 id="氮气">氮气<a class="headerlink" href="#氮气" title="Permanent link"></a></h2>
<p>氮分子内两个氮原子间以 <strong>共价三键</strong>（<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{N\equiv N}\)</span>）结合，断开该化学键需要较多的能量，所以氨气的化学性质很稳定，通常情况下难以与其他物质发生化学反应，无法被大多数生物体直接吸收</p>
<p>但在高温、放电条件下，氮分子获得了足够的能量，使断裂，氮气能够与镁、氧气、氢气等物质发生化合反应</p>
<h3 id="物理性质">物理性质<a class="headerlink" href="#物理性质" title="Permanent link"></a></h3>
<ol>
<li>无色、刺激性气体</li>
<li>加压易液化（制冷剂）</li>
<li>极易溶于水</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="化学性质">化学性质<a class="headerlink" href="#化学性质" title="Permanent link"></a></h3>
<ol>
<li>
<p>与 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{O2}\)</span> 反应：  <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{N2 + O2 \xlongequal{点燃\space or\space放电} 2NO}\)</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>与 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Mg}\)</span> 反应：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{N2 + 3Mg \xlongequal{点燃} \underset{\text{\textcolor[rgb]{0.874,0.890,0.756}{淡黄色}}}{Mg3N2}}\)</span></p>
</li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<p>镁在空气中燃烧，同时还生成了氧化镁</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="氮的固定">氮的固定<a class="headerlink" href="#氮的固定" title="Permanent link"></a></h3>
<p>氮的固定：将大气中 <strong>游离态</strong> 的氮转化为氮的 <strong>化合物</strong> 的过程包括 <strong>自然固氮</strong> 和 <strong>人工固氮</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>自然固氮：</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>高能固氮：大自然通过闪电释放的能量将空气中的氮气转化为含氮的化合物（雷雨发庄稼）</p>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{N2 + O2 \xlongequal{放电} 2NO}\)</span></p>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{2NO + O2 \xlongequal{} 2NO2}\)</span></p>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{3NO2 + H2O \xlongequal{} 2HNO3 + NO}\)</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>生物固氮：豆科植物的根瘤菌将氮气转化成氨</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>人工固氮：工业合成氨</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p>原理：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{N2 + 3H2 &lt;=&gt;[{高温、高压}][{催化剂}] 2NH3}\)</span> （哈伯法）</p>
<blockquote>
<ol>
<li>
<p>合成氨工业化，对人类社会的影响极为深远。以合成氨为基础的化肥工业对粮食增产的贡献率占 <span class="arithmatex">\(50\%\)</span> 左右，使人类免受饥荒之苦</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>化学氮肥主要包括铵态氮肥（主要成分 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NH+4}\)</span>）、硝态氮肥（主要成分 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NO^-_3}\)</span>）和有机氮肥（尿素 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{CO(NH2)2}\)</span>）</strong></p>
</li>
</ol>
<p>工业上用氨气和二氧化碳在一定条件下合成尿素，肥效高、易保存、使用方便，是目前使用量很大的一种氨肥</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="一氧化氮-与-二氧化氮">一氧化氮 与 二氧化氮<a class="headerlink" href="#一氧化氮-与-二氧化氮" title="Permanent link"></a></h2>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: left;">物理性质</th>
<th>一氧化氮 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NO}\)</span></th>
<th>二氧化氮 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NO2}\)</span></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left;">状态</td>
<td>无色、无味</td>
<td>红棕色、刺激性气味</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left;">毒性</td>
<td>有毒</td>
<td>有毒</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left;">溶解性</td>
<td>不溶于水</td>
<td>溶于水并与水反应</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>转化：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NO&lt;=&gt;[O2][H2O]NO2}\)</span></p>
<blockquote>
<p>因此，除去一氧化氮中的二氧化氮只需通过水的洗气瓶即可</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="一氧化氮-ceno">一氧化氮 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NO}\)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#一氧化氮-ceno" title="Permanent link"></a></h3>
<ol>
<li>
<p>化学性质</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{2NO + O2 \xlongequal{} 2NO2}\)</span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{4NO + 2H2O + 3O2 \xlongequal{} 4HNO3}\)</span></p>
<blockquote>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NO}\)</span> 既有氧化性又有还原性</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li>
<p>尾气处理：混合 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{O2}\)</span> 通入 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NaOH}\)</span> 溶液（先化为二氧化氮再处理）</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>制备</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>实验室制备：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{3Cu +8HNO3(稀) \xlongequal{} 3Cu(NO3)2 +4H2O +2NO ^}\)</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>工业制备：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{4NH3 +5O2 \xlongequal [\Delta]{催化剂} 4NO +6H2O}\)</span></p>
<blockquote>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NO}\)</span> 的密度与空气接近，且易与空气中的氧气反应，因此只能用排水法收集 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NO}\)</span></p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li>
<p>用途</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p>制硝酸、人造丝漂白剂，具有改善心脑血管的作用</p>
<h3 id="二氧化氮-ceno2">二氧化氮 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NO2}\)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#二氧化氮-ceno2" title="Permanent link"></a></h3>
<ol>
<li>
<p>化学性质：</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>与水反应生成硝酸 </p>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{3NO2 + H2O \xlongequal{} 2HNO3 + NO}\)</span></p>
<blockquote>
<p>与水反应生成硝酸的实验：</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>实验步骤：将充满 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NO2}\)</span> 的试管倒立于盛有水的水槽中。当液面在试管中不再上升时，通过导气管通入少量 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{O2}\)</span>，并停一会儿，等待液面上升；当液面停止上升时，仍有气体剩余，可再通入少量 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{O2}\)</span>，这样反复操作几次，直到液体充满整个试管</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>实验现象：</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>充满 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NO2}\)</span> 的试管，倒立于盛有水的水槽中，液体进入试管中，并慢慢上升到试管高度的 <span class="arithmatex">\(2/3\)</span>；试管内气体由红棕色慢慢变为无色，剩余气体的体积为原气体体积的 <span class="arithmatex">\(1/3\)</span></p>
<p>当通入 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{O2}\)</span> 时，气体迅速由无色变为红棕色</p>
<p>液面继续上升，气体又变为无色</p>
<p>这样反复几次，最终几乎没有气体剩余，液体充满整个试管</p>
<ul>
<li>解释及结论：
  <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{3NO2 + H2O \xlongequal{} 2HNO3 + NO}\)</span></li>
</ul>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{2NO + O2 \xlongequal{} 2NO2}\)</span></p>
<p>总反应：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{4NO + 2H2O + 3O2 \xlongequal{} 4HNO3}\)</span></p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li>
<p>与碱反应</p>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{3NO2 + H2O \xlongequal{} 2HNO3 + NO}\)</span></p>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NaOH +HNO3 \xlongequal{} NaNO3 +H2O}\)</span></p>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NO + NO2 + 2NaOH \xlongequal{} 2NaNO3 + H2O}\)</span></p>
<p>总反应：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{2NO2 + 2NaOH \xlongequal{} NaNO2 + NaNO3 + H2O}\)</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>氧化性</p>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NO2 +SO2 +H2O \xlongequal{} H2SO4 +NO}\)</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NO2}\)</span> 与 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{N2O4}\)</span> 相互转化</p>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{2\underset{红棕色}{NO2} &lt;=&gt; \underset{无色}{N2O4}}\)</span></p>
<blockquote>
<p>阿伏伽德罗常数题型常考</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li>
<p>尾气处理：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{2NO2 +2NaOH \xlongequal{} NaNO3 +NaNO2 +H2O}\)</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>用途</p>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NO2}\)</span> 在化学反应和火箭燃料中作氧化剂，在工业上可以用来制取硝酸</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>制备</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p>常用 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NO}\)</span> 氧化或用浓 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{HNO3}\)</span> 与  <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Cu}\)</span>  作用来制取 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NO2}\)</span> ，使用向上排空气法收集，也可用加热分解重金属硝酸盐来制得</p>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{2Pb(NO3)2 \xlongequal{\Delta} 2PbO +4NO2 ^ +O2 ^}\)</span></p>
<p>工业：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{N2-&gt;[H2]NH3-&gt;[O2]NO-&gt;[O2]NO2}\)</span></p>
<h3 id="酸雨">酸雨<a class="headerlink" href="#酸雨" title="Permanent link"></a></h3>
<ol>
<li>
<p>正常雨水由于溶解了二氧化碳，其 <span class="arithmatex">\(\text{pH}\)</span> 约为 5.6，而酸雨的 <span class="arithmatex">\(\text{pH}\textless5.6\)</span> </p>
</li>
<li>
<p>成因：主要是大气中的 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SO2}\)</span> 和 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NO_x}\)</span> 以及它们在大气中发生反应后的生成物溶于水形成的</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p><img alt="" src="../images/7.1.png" /></p>
<ol>
<li>危害</li>
<li>直接损伤农作物，破坏森林和草原，使土壤、湖泊酸化</li>
<li>加速建筑物、桥梁、工业设备、运输工具及电缆的腐蚀</li>
<li>人类活动对氮循环和环境的影响</li>
<li>以一氧化氮和二氧化氮为主的氮氧化物是形成光化学烟零、雾霾及酸雨的一个重要原因。汽车尾气中的氮氧化物与碳氢化合物经紫外线照射发生反应形成的有毒烟雾，成为光化学烟雾</li>
<li>为了预防和控制氮氧化物的污染，具体措施为安装汽车尾气净化装置。净化装置含有钯等金属元素催化剂，尾气通过净化装置后，其中的有害气体 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NO、CO}\)</span> 转化为无害气体 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{N2}\)</span> 与 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{CO2}\)</span></li>
</ol>
<h2 id="氨">氨<a class="headerlink" href="#氨" title="Permanent link"></a></h2>
<h3 id="物理性质_1">物理性质<a class="headerlink" href="#物理性质_1" title="Permanent link"></a></h3>
<ol>
<li>
<p>氨是无色、有刺激性气味的气体，密度比空气小</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>氨很容易液化，液化时放热。液氨汽化时要吸收大量的热，使周围温度急剧降低，可用作制冷剂</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>氨极易溶于水，在常温常压下，1 体积水大约可溶解 700 体积氨</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="喷泉实验">喷泉实验<a class="headerlink" href="#喷泉实验" title="Permanent link"></a></h3>
<p>在干燥的圆底烧瓶里充满 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NH3}\)</span> 用带有玻璃管和胶头滴管（预先吸入水）的橡胶塞塞紧瓶口。倒置烧瓶，使玻璃管插入盛有水的烧杯中（预先在水里滴入少量酚酞溶液）。打开弹簧夹，挤压胶头滴管，使水进入烧瓶</p>
<p><img src="./images/7.3.png" style="zoom:33%;" /></p>
<blockquote>
<ul>
<li>
<p>酚酞用于验证：①氨气极易溶于水；②氨气溶于水呈碱性</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>其他喷泉实验：
  $$
  气体&amp;液体\\hline
          \ce{NH3}&amp;水或稀\ce{H2SO4}\\hline
          \ce{HCl}&amp;水或\ce{NaOH}溶液\\hline
          \ce{Cl2}&amp;~\
          \ce{CO2}&amp;\ce{NaOH}\
          \ce{SO2}&amp;溶液\
          \ce{H2S}&amp;~\\hline
  $$
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="化学性质_1">化学性质<a class="headerlink" href="#化学性质_1" title="Permanent link"></a></h3>
<ol>
<li>
<p>可燃性</p>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{4NH_3 + 3O_2 \xlongequal{\Delta{或点燃}} 2N_2 + 6H_2O}\)</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>碱性（唯一的碱性气体）</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NH_3(g) + HCl(g) \xlongequal{} \underset{\text{白烟}}{NH_4Cl}(s)}\)</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NH_3 + HNO3 \xlongequal{} NH_4NO3}\)</span></p>
<blockquote>
<p>元素推断：某元素的气态氢化物与最高价氧化物对应水化物化合生成盐</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NH_3 + H_2O &lt;=&gt; NH_3*H_2O &lt;=&gt; NH_4^+ + OH^-}\)</span></p>
<blockquote>
<p><img alt="" src="../images/7.2.png" /></p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li>
<p>还原性</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>催化氧化：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{4NH_3 + 5O_2 \xlongequal [\Delta]{Pt} 4NO + 6H_2O}\)</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<div class="arithmatex">\[\left\{\begin{array}{lr} \ce{2NH_3 + 3Cl_2 \xlongequal{} N_2 + 6HCl}\\ \ce{8NH_3 + 3Cl_2 \xlongequal{} N_2 + 6NH_4Cl}\\ \end{array}\right.\]</div>
</li>
<li>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{2NH_3 + CuO \xlongequal{\Delta} 3Cu + N_2 + 3H_2O}\)</span></p>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="实验室制备">实验室制备<a class="headerlink" href="#实验室制备" title="Permanent link"></a></h3>
<p>原理：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Ca(OH)2 +2NH4Cl \xlongequal{\Delta} CaCl2 +2NH3 ^ +2H2O}\)</span> （固固加热型）</p>
<p>收集方法：向下排空气法（导管伸入，接近试管底部）</p>
<p>验满方法：将湿润的红色石蕊试纸放在管口（或 将沾有浓盐酸的玻璃棒靠近瓶口，有白烟生成）</p>
<p>棉花（用水或稀硫酸浸湿）的作用：防止 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NH3}\)</span> 与空气对流，同时吸收多余的 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NH3}\)</span> ，防止污染空气</p>
<p>试管口略向下倾斜，防止产生的水蒸气冷凝回流炸裂试管</p>
<p><img src="./images/7.4.png" style="zoom: 33%;" /></p>
<blockquote>
<ul>
<li>
<p>不使用 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NaOH}\)</span> 与 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NH4Cl}\)</span> 共热来制备，因为 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NaOH}\)</span> 碱性过强，在加热条件下易腐蚀玻璃（玻璃耐酸不耐碱）</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>不得直接加热 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NH4Cl}\)</span> 来制备氨气，因为生成的 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{HCl}\)</span> 和 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NH3}\)</span> 在瓶口遇冷重新化合为 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NH4Cl}\)</span> </p>
</li>
<li>
<p>使用碱石灰来干燥氨气，不能用浓硫酸、<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{P2O5}\)</span>、无水 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{CaCl2}\)</span> 作干燥剂（<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NH3}\)</span> 与 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{CaCl2}\)</span> 反应生成 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{CaCl2・8NH3}\)</span>）</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="./images/7.6.png" style="zoom:50%;" /></p>
<ul>
<li>要防止倒吸</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="./images/7.5.png" style="zoom: 50%;" /></p>
<p>其他实验方式</p>
<p><img src="./images/7.7.png" style="zoom:33%;" /></p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>反应物</th>
<th>原理</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>浓氨水+固体 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NaOH}\)</span></td>
<td><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NaOH}\)</span> 溶于水放热，促使氨水分解，且 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{OH -}\)</span> 浓度的增大有利于 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NH3}\)</span> 的生成</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>浓氨水+固体 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{CaO}\)</span></td>
<td><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{CaO}\)</span> 与水反应，使溶剂（水）减少；反应放热，促使氨水分解。<br> 化学方程式为：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NH3·H20 +CaO \xlongequal{} NH3 ^ +Ca(OH)2}\)</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="铵盐">铵盐<a class="headerlink" href="#铵盐" title="Permanent link"></a></h2>
<ol>
<li>
<p>铵盐大多是无色晶体，绝大多数的按盐都易溶于水，易于被农作物吸收，因此广泛用于化肥中。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>铵盐受热容易分解：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NH4Cl \xlongequal{\Delta} NH3 ^ +HCl ^}\)</span> （冷却后重新化合为 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NH4Cl}\)</span>，可借此来提纯 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NH4Cl}\)</span> ）
   <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NH4HCO3 \xlongequal{\Delta} NH3 ^ +CO2 ^ +H2O}\)</span></p>
</li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<p>一般铵盐受热分解为氨气，但存在例外 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NH4NO3 -&gt;[\Delta] HNO3 +N2 +H2O}\)</span></p>
</blockquote>
<ol>
<li>与碱反应会放出氨：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Ca(OH)2 +2NH4Cl \xlongequal{\Delta} CaCl2 + 2NH3 ^ +2H2O}\)</span></li>
</ol>
<p>由于铵盐具有受热易分解的性质，在储铵态氮吧时，应密封包装并放在阴凉通风处；施肥时，应将其埋在土中以保持肥效。铵盐能与碱反应，因此铵态氮肥不能与碱性物质如草木灰（<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{K2CO3}\)</span>）等混合施用。 </p>
<h3 id="铵根离子的检验">铵根离子的检验<a class="headerlink" href="#铵根离子的检验" title="Permanent link"></a></h3>
<p>取少量固体样品或溶液于试管中，再加入浓的 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NaOH}\)</span> 溶液，<strong>加热</strong>，产生能使 <strong>湿润</strong> 的红色石蕊试纸变蓝的气体（或将蘸有浓盐酸的玻璃棒靠近管口，有白烟产生），证明固体样品或溶液中含有 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NH+4}\)</span> </p>
<p>原理：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NH+4 +OH- \xlongequal{} NH3·H2O-&gt;[\Delta]NH3}\)</span></p>
<h2 id="硝酸">硝酸<a class="headerlink" href="#硝酸" title="Permanent link"></a></h2>
<h3 id="物理性质_2">物理性质<a class="headerlink" href="#物理性质_2" title="Permanent link"></a></h3>
<p>硝酸是无色、（易挥发在空气中形成白雾）、有刺激性气味的液体</p>
<h3 id="化学性质_2">化学性质<a class="headerlink" href="#化学性质_2" title="Permanent link"></a></h3>
<ol>
<li>不稳定性</li>
</ol>
<p>反应方程式：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{4HNO3 \xlongequal[或光照]{\Delta} 4NO2 ^ +O2 ^ +2H2O}\)</span></p>
<p>浓硝酸一般呈黄色，是由于硝酸分解产生的 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NO2}\)</span> 溶于硝酸的缘故</p>
<p>硝酸浓度越大越易分解，因此，浓硝酸应放入棕色瓶（避光）在阴凉处保存（避免受热分解），用玻璃塞而不能用橡皮塞（硝酸腐蚀橡皮） </p>
<ol>
<li>硝酸与金属的反应</li>
</ol>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\left\{\begin{array}{lr}
    \ce{Cu + 4HNO3({浓}) -&gt; Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 ^ + 2H2O}\\
    \ce{Cu + 8HNO3({稀}) -&gt; 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO ^ + 4H2O}\\
   \end{array}\right.\\\)</span></p>
<blockquote>
<p>常温下，<strong>浓硝酸或浓硫酸使铁、铝钝化</strong>（铁、铝表面被氧化生成一层致密的氧化物薄膜，这层薄膜阻止了酸与内层金属的进一步反应）。<strong>故常温下，可以用铁或铝制容器来盛装浓硝酸或浓硫酸</strong></p>
<p>随反应的进行，浓硝酸变稀（阿伏伽德罗常数题常考）</p>
</blockquote>
<ol>
<li>浓硝酸在加热条件下，还能与木炭等非金属单质发生氧化还原反应</li>
</ol>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{C +4HNO(浓) \xlongequal{\Delta} CO2 ^ +4NO2 ^ +2H2O}\)</span></p>
<ol>
<li>硝酸的酸性：</li>
</ol>
<p>硝酸是一元强酸，具有酸的通性，能与碱性氧化物、碱、盐等反应</p>
<h3 id="工业制备">工业制备<a class="headerlink" href="#工业制备" title="Permanent link"></a></h3>
<p>原理：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{N2-&gt;[H2][(1)]NH3-&gt;[O2][(2)]NO-&gt;[O2][(3)]NO2-&gt;[H2O][(4)]HNO3}\)</span></p>
<ol>
<li>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{N2 + 3H2 &lt;=&gt;[{高温、高压}][{催化剂}] 2NH3}\)</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{4NH_3 + 5O_2 \xlongequal[\Delta]{Pt} 4NO + 6H_2O}\)</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{2NO + O2 \xlongequal{} 2NO2}\)</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{3NO2 + H2O \xlongequal{} 2HNO3 + NO}\)</span></p>
</li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{NO}\)</span> 可循环使用</p>
</blockquote>


  



 
 
 
<hr><blockquote class="page-copyright">
  <span><i class="md-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m22.7 19-9.1-9.1c.9-2.3.4-5-1.5-6.9-2-2-5-2.4-7.4-1.3L9 6 6 9 1.6 4.7C.4 7.1.9 10.1 2.9 12.1c1.9 1.9 4.6 2.4 6.9 1.5l9.1 9.1c.4.4 1 .4 1.4 0l2.3-2.3c.5-.4.5-1.1.1-1.4Z"/></svg></i>本页面最近更新：</span><span class="facts_modified"></span>，<a class="edit_history">更新历史</a><br>
  <span><i class="md-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20.71 7.04c.39-.39.39-1.04 0-1.41l-2.34-2.34c-.37-.39-1.02-.39-1.41 0l-1.84 1.83 3.75 3.75M3 17.25V21h3.75L17.81 9.93l-3.75-3.75L3 17.25Z"/></svg></i>发现错误？想一起完善？ <a href="https://github.com/Anyayay/Chemistry-Note/edit/master/docs/06 元素及其化合物/07 氮及其化合物.md" title="edit.link.title" class="page_edit_url">在 GitHub 上编辑此页！</a></span><br>
  <span><i class="md-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M16 17v2H2v-2s0-4 7-4 7 4 7 4m-3.5-9.5A3.5 3.5 0 1 0 9 11a3.5 3.5 0 0 0 3.5-3.5m3.44 5.5A5.32 5.32 0 0 1 18 17v2h4v-2s0-3.63-6.06-4M15 4a3.39 3.39 0 0 0-1.93.59 5 5 0 0 1 0 5.82A3.39 3.39 0 0 0 15 11a3.5 3.5 0 0 0 0-7Z"/></svg></i>本页面贡献者：</span><span class="page_contributors">OI-wiki</span><br>
  <span><i class="md-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M10.08 10.86c.05-.33.16-.62.3-.86.3-.56.81-.85 1.5-.86.45 0 .86.2 1.15.49.28.31.47.74.47 1.17h1.8c-.02-.47-.11-.9-.3-1.3-.15-.38-.38-.72-.68-1-1.45-1.34-4.14-1.15-5.37.37-1.29 1.67-1.32 4.59-.01 6.26 1.21 1.49 3.86 1.7 5.3.37.31-.25.56-.56.76-.92.16-.36.27-.74.28-1.15H13.5c0 .21-.07.4-.16.57-.09.19-.21.34-.34.47-.33.26-.72.4-1.14.4-.36-.01-.66-.08-.89-.23a1.41 1.41 0 0 1-.59-.64c-.5-.9-.42-2.15-.3-3.14M12 2C6.5 2 2 6.5 2 12c.53 13.27 19.5 13.26 20 0 0-5.5-4.5-10-10-10m0 18c-4.41 0-8-3.59-8-8 .44-10.61 15.56-10.61 16 0 0 4.41-3.59 8-8 8Z"/></svg></i>本页面的全部内容在 <strong><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> 和 <a href="https://github.com/zTrix/sata-license">SATA</a></strong> 协议之条款下提供，附加条款亦可能应用</span>
</blockquote>


<div id="__comments" class="giscus" data-no-instant></div>
<div id="__comments_script"></div>
<script>var comments=document.createElement("script"),commentsTheme="slate"===document.body.dataset.mdColorScheme?"dark":"light";Object.entries({async:!0,src:"https://giscus.app/client.js",crossOrigin:"anonymous","data-repo":"OI-wiki/gitment","data-repo-id":"MDEwOlJlcG9zaXRvcnkxNDQzODg5NjU=","data-category":"评论","data-category-id":"DIC_kwDOCJszZc4CS54y","data-mapping":"specific","data-term":"元素及其化合物 · 七 · 「氮 \((\ce{N})\) 及其化合物」","data-strict":"1","data-reactions-enabled":"1","data-emit-metadata":"0","data-input-position":"top","data-theme":commentsTheme,"data-lang":"zh-CN","data-loading":"lazy"}).forEach(e=>comments.setAttribute(e[0],e[1])),document.getElementById("__comments_script").replaceWith(comments)</script>

                
              </article>
            </div>
          
          
        </div>
        
      </main>
      
        <script>function scrollFunction(){20<document.body.scrollTop||20<document.documentElement.scrollTop?document.getElementById("myBtn").style.display="block":document.getElementById("myBtn").style.display="none"}function topFunction(){document.body.scrollTop=0,document.documentElement.scrollTop=0}window.onscroll=function(){scrollFunction()}</script>
<button onclick="topFunction()" id="myBtn" class="data-tip-left" data-tip="回到顶部">
  <svg class="Zi Zi--BackToTop data-tip-left" data-tip="回到顶部" fill="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="24" height="24">
    <path d="M16.036 19.59a1 1 0 0 1-.997.995H9.032a.996.996 0 0 1-.997-.996v-7.005H5.03c-1.1 0-1.36-.633-.578-1.416L11.33 4.29a1.003 1.003 0 0 1 1.412 0l6.878 6.88c.782.78.523 1.415-.58 1.415h-3.004v7.005z"></path>
  </svg>
</button>  
<footer class="md-footer">
  
  <div class="md-footer-meta md-typeset">
    <div class="md-footer-meta__inner md-grid">
      <div class="md-copyright">
  
    <div class="md-copyright__highlight">
      Copyright &copy; 2023 - 2024 Chemistry-Note Team
    </div>
  
  
    Made with
    <a href="https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">
      Material for MkDocs
      <div id="miitbeian"></div>
    </a>
  
</div>

<div style="float:right" class="build_date_utc">
  <a href="https://github.com/OI-wiki/OI-wiki">
    最近更新：, 2024-04-15
  </a>
</div>
<script>"oi-wiki.com"==window.location.hostname&&(document.getElementById("miitbeian").innerHTML='<a href="http://beian.miit.gov.cn/">黑ICP备19005132号-2</a>'),console.log("%c OI Wiki %c  %c","background:#35495e ; padding: 1px; border-radius: 3px 0 0 3px;  color: #fff","background:#41b883 ; padding: 1px; border-radius: 0 3px 3px 0;  color: #fff","background:transparent"),console.log("少年，恭喜你囍提彩蛋，我们在做一些 OI 相关的有趣的事情，如果您对此感兴趣，欢迎访问 https://join-us.oi-wiki.org")</script>
      
    </div>
  </div>
</footer>
      
    </div>
    <div class="md-dialog" data-md-component="dialog">
      <div class="md-dialog__inner md-typeset"></div>
    </div>
    
    
    <script id="__config" type="application/json">{"base": "../..", "features": ["content.action.edit", "navigation.tabs", "navigation.instant"], "search": "../../assets/javascripts/workers/search.b6c651e9.min.js", "translations": {"clipboard.copied": "\u5df2\u590d\u5236", "clipboard.copy": "\u590d\u5236", "search.result.more.one": "\u5728\u8be5\u9875\u4e0a\u8fd8\u6709 1 \u4e2a\u7b26\u5408\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u7ed3\u679c", "search.result.more.other": "\u5728\u8be5\u9875\u4e0a\u8fd8\u6709 # \u4e2a\u7b26\u5408\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u7ed3\u679c", "search.result.none": "\u6ca1\u6709\u627e\u5230\u7b26\u5408\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u7ed3\u679c", "search.result.one": "\u627e\u5230 1 \u4e2a\u7b26\u5408\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u7ed3\u679c", "search.result.other": "# \u4e2a\u7b26\u5408\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u7ed3\u679c", "search.result.placeholder": "\u952e\u5165\u4ee5\u5f00\u59cb\u641c\u7d22", "search.result.term.missing": "\u7f3a\u5c11", "select.version": "\u9009\u62e9\u5f53\u524d\u7248\u672c"}}</script>
    
    
      
        <script src="../../es5/tex-chtml-full.js"></script>
      
      
      <script>"use strict";"serviceWorker"in navigator&&navigator.serviceWorker.register("/service-worker.js",{scope:"/"}).then(function(e){console.log("PWA Registration succeeded. Scope is "+e.scope)}).catch(function(e){console.log("PWA Registration failed with "+e)})</script>
    
  </body>
</html>